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    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Rea Press</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">null</journal-id>
      <journal-title>Rea Press</journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">3042-1357</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3042-1357</issn><publisher>
      	<publisher-name>Rea Press</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">https://doi.org/10.48313/mtei.v3i1.78</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group><subject>Combined convection heat transfer, Non-Newtonian fluid, Heat generation absorption, Wavy surface</subject></subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Liquid Water Droplets Interaction and Coalescence Process in the Gas Channel of PEMFC with Multicomponent Multiphase Lattice Boltzmann Method</article-title><subtitle>Liquid Water Droplets Interaction and Coalescence Process in the Gas Channel of PEMFC with Multicomponent Multiphase Lattice Boltzmann Method</subtitle></title-group>
      <contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author">
	<name name-style="western">
	<surname>Moslemi</surname>
		<given-names>Mehdi </given-names>
	</name>
	<aff>Department of Mechanical Engineering Ayandegan Institute of Higher Education.</aff>
	</contrib></contrib-group>		
      <pub-date pub-type="ppub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>3</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>© 2026 Rea Press</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/"><p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</p></license>
      </permissions>
      <related-article related-article-type="companion" vol="2" page="e235" id="RA1" ext-link-type="pmc">
			<article-title>Liquid Water Droplets Interaction and Coalescence Process in the Gas Channel of PEMFC with Multicomponent Multiphase Lattice Boltzmann Method</article-title>
      </related-article>
	  <abstract abstract-type="toc">
		<p>
			In this paper, a multicomponent multiphase pseudopotential Lattice Boltzmann method with Multi Relaxation Time (MRT) collision operator is presented to study the dynamic behavior of liquid droplets movement and coalescence process in the gas channel of PEMFC. In the numerical method, the forcing term is improved in order to achieve the high density ratio and thermodynamic consistency. First, the density ratio, Laplace law, and contact angle are validated. Different parameters, such as pressure difference, surface contact angle, radius of droplets, and distance between two droplets during the movement of droplets and the coalescence process, are studied. The simulation results show that increasing the pressure difference between the two sides of the channel increases the flow velocity as a result of increasing the shear force and eventually faster movement of the droplet in the gas channel. Simulation performed for the effect of contact angle shows that a hydrophilic surface creates a resistance force between the droplet and the wall and reduces the amount of shear force. Hence, the velocity of the droplet in the channel decreases while the hydrophobic surface acts in the opposite direction. Also, droplet coalescence is useful for droplet movement because the velocity between the droplet and the top of the wall increases, and the shear force applied to the droplet increases during cohesion.
		</p>
		</abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
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